在電力系統中，高低壓無功補償柜用于(yu)提高供(gong)電質量(liang)，降低線(xian)路(lu)損耗，具有經濟節約型(xing)的(de)配電特點。當發(fa)生不平衡的(de)無功電流(liu)時(shi)，無功補(bu)(bu)償裝置可以將其(qi)三(san)相的(de)功率因(yin)數補(bu)(bu)償至(zhi)1，從而達到三(san)相間的(de)平衡。那(nei)么(me)高低壓無功補(bu)(bu)償柜是如何調整不平衡電流(liu)的(de)？其(qi)原(yuan)理是什么(me)呢？

一、如何調整不平衡電流

設有一個電(dian)阻(zu)連接在A相與B相兩端，這(zhe)是(shi)一個典型的(de)(de)不平衡負荷，調整不平衡電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)目(mu)標就是(shi)將這(zhe)個電(dian)阻(zu)的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)平均(jun)分配到三相當中去，具體的(de)(de)方法如圖1所示：

A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之間接入(ru)一個適當的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)L將(jiang)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)1/3轉移到C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，這(zhe)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)L在(zai)(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)恰(qia)(qia)好將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻在(zai)(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)容性(xing)(xing)無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)抵消掉(diao)。在(zai)(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之間接入(ru)一個適當的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C將(jiang)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)1/3轉移到C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，這(zhe)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C在(zai)(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)容性(xing)(xing)無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)恰(qia)(qia)好將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻在(zai)(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)抵消掉(diao)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)L在(zai)(zai)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感(gan)性(xing)(xing)無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)恰(qia)(qia)好將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C在(zai)(zai)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)容性(xing)(xing)無功電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)抵消掉(diao)。這(zhe)樣三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)完全(quan)平衡，并且三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)功率因數(shu)全(quan)等于1。

設(she)有一個(ge)電阻連(lian)接在A相(xiang)與(yu)零(ling)線之間，這是(shi)另一個(ge)典型的(de)(de)不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡負荷(he)，調(diao)整不(bu)平(ping)(ping)衡電流(liu)的(de)(de)目標(biao)就是(shi)將這個(ge)電阻的(de)(de)電流(liu)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)分配到三相(xiang)當(dang)中去，具體的(de)(de)方法如圖2所示：

在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)接入一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)L1將(jiang)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)1/3轉移到C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)接入一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1將(jiang)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)1/3轉移到B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，這時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)L1在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)恰(qia)好將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1在(zai)A相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)容性(xing)(xing)無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)抵消(xiao)掉。在(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)零線之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)接入一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)L2將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1在(zai)B相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)容性(xing)(xing)無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)抵消(xiao)掉。在(zai)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)與(yu)零線之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)接入一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)L1在(zai)C相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)抵消(xiao)掉。于(yu)是(shi)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)完全(quan)平衡，并且三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)功(gong)率因(yin)數全(quan)等于(yu)1。

二、無功補償的原理

電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)和電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)的(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)方式在電(dian)(dian)力系統種(zhong)(zhong)安(an)裝(zhuang)方式主要(yao)主要(yao)有2種(zhong)(zhong)：串聯和并聯。

1、串聯電抗(kang)器的作用(yong)：

防止電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器和用電(dian)(dian)系統發生串、并聯諧振(zhen)后，導致諧波被放大，而使電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器過電(dian)(dian)流而損壞

限制過電流

2、并聯(lian)電抗器的作(zuo)用(yong)：

實現吸收電(dian)(dian)纜線(xian)路(lu)中的充電(dian)(dian)容性無功，并且電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)還能有效的防(fang)止(zhi)發電(dian)(dian)機帶長線(xian)路(lu)時會發生自(zi)勵此諧(xie)振現象。民用建筑中，感性負載較多，諧(xie)波影響更(geng)大，因此電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)前端宜串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)。

在(zai)建筑物中，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備除了電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻負(fu)載(zai)外(wai)，大(da)(da)部(bu)分用電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備均屬感性(xing)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)載(zai)。這些感性(xing)負(fu)載(zai)，使供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相(xiang)位(wei)發生改變(bian)，因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波動大(da)(da)，無(wu)功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)增大(da)(da)，浪(lang)費大(da)(da)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。當功(gong)率(lv)因數(shu)過低(di)時，以致供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)(da)導致超負(fu)載(zai)現(xian)象。目(mu)前，高低(di)壓(ya)(ya)無(wu)功(gong)補(bu)償裝置廣泛應用在(zai)各(ge)行各(ge)業的配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)中，確保(bao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的質量。

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